Biosynthesis of ZnO.Ag₂O₃ using aqueous extract of <i>Haplophyllum obtusifolium</i>: Characterization and cell toxicity activity against liver carcinoma cells

The zinc oxide-silver oxide nanocomposite (ZnO.Ag2O3 particles) was prepared by using an aqueous plant extract of Haplophyllum obtusifolium for the first time. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transforms spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive analysis (EDX), and transmission electron (TEM) were applied to analyze structure, functional groups, morphology, purity nanocomposite. PXRD revealed formulation ZnO.Ag2O3 particles. investigation groups has demonstrated presence some carbonated impurities along with absorbed water in composition Morphologically, particles have formed a petal-like shape different sizes. EDX also confirmed sample 4.78% silver formula. Additionally, TEM spherical rectangular shapes particle size 80.43 ± 46.73 nm. Moreover, used against cancer cells, which shown synthesized NCs toxic effect liver cells concentration time-dependent manner.